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+# Basic Python Syntax
+This collection of exercises are for getting used to Python syntax and Pythons built-in types.
+
+## Exercise 1.1 - FizzBuzz
+Kattis problem [https://open.kattis.com/problems/fizzbuzz](https://open.kattis.com/problems/fizzbuzz)
+
+## Övning 1.2 - Multiplication table
+Write a program that performs calculation of the multiplication table for a number inputted by the user.
+Use a for-loop in your implementation.
+Running the program should look like this:
+
+```
+This program prints out a multiplication table.
+Enter a number: 7
+0 * 7 = 0
+1 * 7 = 7
+2 * 7 = 14
+3 * 7 = 21
+4 * 7 = 28
+5 * 7 = 35
+6 * 7 = 42
+7 * 7 = 49
+8 * 7 = 56
+9 * 7 = 63
+```
+
+## Exercise 1.3 - Guess the Number
+Implement a simple guessing game.
+
+The rules for playing are:
+1. The program picks a random number from 1 up to 100.
+2. The player guesses a number.
+3. Depending on the guess, the program responds with one of three possible choices: (i) The guess was too high. (ii) The guess was too low. (iii) The guess was correct. 4. and 3. repeats until the guess is correct.
+4. The program presents how many guesses were used, thereafter the program terminates.
+
+**Extra challenge:** Ask the user before the game program finishes if the user like to play again. Y(es)/N(o). If the answer is Y, let the game start over. To make that happen you need another (outer) loop in your program.
+
+## Exercise 1. 4 - Calculator
+This task is to implement a simple calculator dealing with the operations +, -, ·, /. That is, it should be possible to add, subtract, multiply or divide two integer numbers inputted by the user. The user interface should be a menu looking like this:
+
+```
+1. Enter two integers
+2. Add
+3. Subtract
+4. Multiply
+5. Divide
+0. Exit
+Your choice: 
+```
+If you input an invalid choice,for example -1, then an error message shall show on the screen and the menu shall be shown again. A successful run of your program can look like this:
+
+```
+1. Enter two integers
+2. Add
+3. Subtract
+4. Multiply
+5. Divide
+0. Exit
+Your choice: -1
+Input must be either 0,1,2,3,4 or 5.
+
+1. Enter two integers
+2. Add
+3. Subtract
+4. Multiply
+5. Divide
+0. Exit
+Your choice : 1
+Input first number : 20
+Input second number : 34
+
+1. Enter two integers
+2. Add
+3. Subtract
+4. Multiply
+5. Divide
+0. Exit
+Your choice : 2
+The result is 54
+
+1. Enter two integers
+2. Add
+3. Subtract
+4. Multiply
+5. Divide
+0. Exit
+Your choice : 0
+Exiting ... Goodbye !
+```
+
+# Functions
+## Exercise 1.5 - Pythagora's Theoreme
+The Pythagoras’ Theorem for a right-angle triangle can be written as `a2 + b2 = c2`, where a
+and b are sides of the right angle and `c` is the hypotenuse. Write a function to compute the
+hypotenuse given sides `a` and `b` of the triangle. The result shall be returned as a number.
+**Hint:** You can use `math.sqrt(num)` or the `**` operator to compute the square root of num.
+
+## Exercise 1.6 - Units and Tens
+Define two functions `unit(int_num)` and `ten(int_num)` that picks up the ones digit and the tens digit in an integer number `int_num`. The functions shall _return_ the picked digit as an integer number. Running the functions in the Python interpreter console should look like this:
+
+```py
+>>> unit(123) 
+3
+>>> ten(123) 
+2
+``` 
+
+## Exercise 1.7 - Swap Units and tens
+Define a function `swap_units_and_tens(int_num)` that swaps the order between the ones digit and the tens digit in an integer number using the two functions from the previous exercise. The function shall return the result as an integer number.
+Running the function in the Python interpreter console should look like this:
+
+```py
+>>> swap_units_and_tens(123) 
+132
+```
+
+# Strings
+## Exercise 1.8 - Transform by using ASCII Code
+Write a function of your own that transforms a lower case letter to an upper case. The function shall return  a string containing one character. If the string contains a character that is not a lower case letter it should be returned as it is. You must not use any string methods, but you may use the built-in functions `ord(char)` and `chr(num)`.
+
+** Hint!** Inspect the ASCII table!
+
+
+## Exercise 1.9 - Count Vowels
+Write a function `count_vowels(string)` that takes in a word as an argument and returns the total number of vowels (’a’, ’e’, ’i’, ’o’, ’u’) in the word. The function shall return the result as an integer number.
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> count_vowels('elephant')
+3
+>>> count_vowels('apple')
+2
+```
+
+## Exercise 1.10 - Palindrome
+Write a program that checks whether an inputted word is a palindrome or not. The program
+shall ask for a new word repeatedly until the user type **quit**.
+Run example:
+```
+Write a word: carrot
+carrot is not a palindrome
+
+Write a word: Mom
+Mom is not a palindrome
+
+Write a word: racecar
+racecar is a palindrome
+
+Write a word: quit
+Exiting ...
+```
+**Extra:** See to that uppercase letters does not impact the result in your program. That means _Racecar_ as well as _racecar_ is a palindrome.
+ 
+
+# Lists and Tuples
+##Exercise 1.11 - Add First end Last Element
+Define a function called `add_first_and_last(num_list)` that takes in a list of numbers and returns
+the sum of the first and last numbers. See to that the special cases when the list length is 0 or 1 are taken care of.
+
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> add_first_and_last([])
+0
+>>> add_first_and_last([2, 7, 4, 3])
+5
+>>> add_first_and_last([10])
+10
+``` 
+
+## Exercise 1.12 - Matrix Dimensions
+A 2D matrix with dimensions `m × n` can be represented in Python by a nested list.
+Example of 3 × 2 matrix (3 rows with 2 numbers in each row, that is 2 columns):
+
+Write a function `matrix_dimensions(matrix)`that returns the dimensions of a 2D matrix sent
+to the function as a nested list argument. The function shall return an information string (see
+run example below).
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> A = [ [1, 3], [-5, 6], [2, 4]]
+>>> matrix_dimensions(A)
+'This is a 3x2 matrix.'
+>>> B = [ [1, 3, 2], [-5, 6, 0] ]
+>>> matrix_dimensions(B)
+'This is a 2x3 matrix.'
+>>> C = [ [1, 3], [-5, 6, 0] ]
+>>> matrix_dimensions(C)
+'This is not a valid matrix.'
+```
+ 
+
+## Exercise 1.13 - Transpose Matrix
+The transpose of a matrix `AT` is obtained if you flip the matrix over its diagonal, that is it you switch the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix . 
+
+Example with `3 × 2` matrix:
+
+Write a function `transpose(matrix)` that returns the transpose of a 2D matrix as a nested list.
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+>>> transpose(A)
+[[1, 4], [2, 5], [3, 6]]
+>>> transpose([[1, 2]])
+[[1], [2]]
+>>> transpose([[3]])
+[[3]]
+```
+ 
+
+## Övning 1.14 - Duplicate List and Distribute Values to Sublists
+Construct a function `distribute(my_item, my_list)` that takes an element and a list of lists as arguments. The function shall return a new list that has a duplicate from the list content sent into to the function, where the value  my_item is inserted as an element in each sublist. The original list must not change. See example of a run below.
+```py
+>>> old_list = [[’kangar’], [’z’], [’f’]]
+>>> distribute(’oo’, old_list)
+[[’kangar’, ’oo’], [’z’, ’oo’], [’f’, ’oo’]]
+>>> old_list
+[[’kangar’], [’z’], [’f’]]
+ ```
+
+## Exercise 1.15 - Extend Each
+Construct a function `extend_each(my_item, my_list)` that takes an element and a list of lists, and extends every sublist with that element. The difference between this function and the previous one is that this time the function returns nothing, but changes the original list. See example of a run below.
+
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> old_list = [[’kangar’], [’z’], [’f’]]
+>>> extend_each(’oo’, old_list)
+>>> old_list
+[[’kangar’, ’oo’], [’z’, ’oo’], [’f’, ’oo’]]
+ ```
+
+## Exercise 1.16 - Sort by Length
+Write a function `sort_by_len(tup, direction)` that takes in a tuple of strings. Return a new
+tuple where the strings are sorted with aspect of their lengths. The sort order is defined by a
+second argument containing 'asc' for ascending order or 'des' for descending order.
+
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> sort_by_len(('Windows', 'Linux', 'OSX'), 'asc')
+('OSX', 'Linux', 'Windows')
+
+>>> sort_by_len(('apple', 'orange', 'pear'), 'des')
+('orange', 'apple', 'pear')
+
+>>> sort_by_len(('begin', 'python', 'programming'), 'des')
+('programming', 'python', 'begin')
+
+>>> sort_by_len(('begin', 'python', 'programming'), 'asc')
+('begin', 'python', 'programming')
+ ```
+
+# Dictionaries
+## Övning 1.17 - Dictionary
+In a dictionary you pair up data with a key. Then you can access data using the key. You could
+think of a dictionary as an advanced list, where instead of using a number as the index, using
+virtually any type of data. Try typing the following in the Python interpreter console:
+```py
+>>> numbers = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'seven': 6, 'eight': 9}
+>>> numbers[’one’]
+1
+```
+To get used to handling dictionaries now type commands to do the following:
+- add the key 'three' linked with an appropriate number
+- make a change in the dictionary numbers so that `numbers['eight']` will be linked with the number 8 instead
+ 
+
+## Exercise 1.18 - Dictionary Properties
+Here we see two suggestions how to create a dictionary. One way will work and the other will not. Try to predict which one works. Then try to type them at the Python prompt to see if you were right.
+```py
+>>> coordinates_one = {(1, 0): 'x-axis', (0, 1): 'y-axis'}
+>>> coordinates_two = {[1, 0]: 'x-axis', [0, 1]: 'y-axis'}
+```
+Also try to figure out why one version works and the other does not.
+ 
+
+## Exercise 1.19 - Show Wordlist
+Write a function `show_wordlist(w_list)` that goes through a dictionary and writes the values to the corresponding keys. Running the function on the numbers dictionary from Exercise 1.x should look something like this. Remember dictionaries are not ordered in any particular order. 
+```py
+>>> show_wordlist(numbers)
+--
+one - 1
+seven - 6
+eight - 9
+two - 2
+-- 
+```
+
+## Exercise 1.20 - Genes
+In gene expression, mRNA (messenger-RNA) is transcribed from a DNA template. The 4 nucleotide bases of A, T, C, G corresponds to the U, A, G, C bases of the mRNA. Write a function `mRNA_transcript(template)` that returns the mRNA transcript given the sequence of a DNA strand. 
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> mRNA_transcript("ATCGATTG")
+'UAGCUAAC'
+``` 
+**Hint!** Use a dictionary to provide the mapping of DNA to RNA bases.
+ 
+
+## Exercise 1.21 - More Genes
+A DNA strand consisting of the 4 nucleotide bases is usually represented with a string of letters: A, T,  C, G. Write a function that computes the base composition of a given DNA sequence. The function shall return a dictionary with the four keys ’A’, ’T’, ’C’ and ’G’ and the count of each nucleotide base as values.
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> base_composition("CTATCGGCACCCTTTCAGCA")
+{'A': 4, 'C': 8, 'T': 5, 'G': 3}
+    
+>>> base_composition("AGT")
+{'A': 1, 'C': 0, 'T': 1, 'G': 1}
+```
+
+## Exercise 1.22 - Reverse Look-up
+Write a function `reverse_lookup(dictionary, value)` that takes a dictionary and a value as
+arguments, and returns a sorted list with all keys associated with the given value. The function
+shall return an empty list if the value is not found in the dictionary.
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> reverse_lookup({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':2}, 1)
+['a']
+
+>>> reverse_lookup({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':2}, 2)
+['b', 'c']
+    
+>>> reverse_lookup({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':2}, 3)
+[]
+```
+
+# Exercise 1.23 - Inverted Dictionary
+Write a function `invert_dictionary(my_dict)` that takes a dictionary as an argument, and returns a new dictionary that inverts the keys and the values of the original dictionary.
+Run example:
+```py
+>>> invert_dictionary({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3, 'd':2})
+{1: ['a'], 2: ['b', 'd'], 3: ['c']}
+
+>>> invert_dictionary({'a':3, 'b':3, 'c':3})
+{3: ['a', 'c', 'b']}
+    
+>>> invert_dictionary({'a':2, 'b':1, 'c':2, 'd':1})
+{1: ['b', 'd'], 2: ['a', 'c']}
+```
+
+## Exercise 1.24 - ☆ Sparse Vector
+A sparse vector is a vector whose entries are almost all zero, like [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0]. Storing all those zeros wastes memory and dictionaries are commonly used to keep track of only the nonzero entries. For example, the vector shown earlier can be represented as {0:1, 7:2}, since the vector it is meant to represent has the value 1
+at index 0 and the value 2 at index 7. Write a function `list_to_dict(my_dict)` that converts a sparse vector into a dictionary as described above.
+Run example:
+```py  
+>>> list_to_dict([1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4])
+{0: 1, 3: 2, 7: 3, 12: 4}
+    
+>>> list_to_dict([1, 0, 1 , 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0])
+{0: 1, 2: 1, 4: 2, 6: 1, 9: 1}
+    
+>>> list_to_dict([0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+{}
+```
+
+## Exercise 1.25 - ☆ Back to Sparse Vector
+See the exercise described above. Write a function `dict_to_list(my_dict)` that takes in a compressed description of a sparse vector as a dictionary and returns the corresponding list .
+Run example:
+```
+>>> dict_to_list({0: 1, 3: 2, 7: 3, 12: 4})
+[1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4]
+
+>>> dict_to_list({0: 1, 2: 1, 4: 2, 6: 1, 9: 1})
+[1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]
+
+>>> dict_to_list({})
+[]
+```
+
+# Sets
+## Exercise 1.26  - Remove Duplicates I
+Write a program that accepts a sequence of whitespace separated words as user input and prints the words after removing all duplicate words and sorting them alphanumerically.
+Run example:
+```
+>>> User input: hello world and practice makes perfect and hello world again 
+again and hello makes perfect practice world
+```
+**Hint!** You can use a set to remove duplicated data automatically and then use sorted() to sort the data.
+
+## Exercise 1.27  - Intersection
+ Write a function `list_intersection(list1, list2)`that takes two lists as arguments and returns a new list containing the elements  that are the intersection between the two given lists [1,3,6,78,35,55] and [12,24,35,24,88,120,155], write a program to make a list whose elements are the intersection of the above given lists.
+
+Run example
+```py
+>>> list_intersection([1,3,6,78,35,55], [12,24,35,24,88,120,155])   
+[35]
+```
+**Hint!** Use sets.
+
+## Exercise 1.28  - Remove Duplicates II 
+Write function `remove_duplicates(my_list)` that takes in a list and removes all duplicate values from this list with the original order preserved.
+
+Run example
+```py
+>>> my_list = [12,24,35,24,88,120,155,88,120,155]
+>>> remove_duplicates(my_list)
+>>> print(my_list)
+[12, 24, 35, 88, 120, 155]
+```
+**Hint!** Use sets.
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